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NAD+

NAD+

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD⁺) is a naturally occurring coenzyme found in all living cells, where it serves as a central redox carrier and a key cofactor in energy metabolism, DNA repair, and cellular signaling. In its oxidized form (NAD⁺), this molecule plays a pivotal role in electron transport, mitochondrial ATP synthesis, and oxidative metabolism, functioning as a substrate for critical enzymes such as sirtuins (SIRT1–7), PARPs (poly-ADP-ribose polymerases), and CD38.

NAD⁺ exists in two primary interconvertible forms: oxidized NAD⁺ and reduced NADH. The NAD⁺/NADH ratio governs redox balance, cellular energy production, and aging-related metabolic processes. As NAD⁺ levels decline with age or metabolic stress, studying its restoration and regulatory mechanisms has become a central focus in longevity, mitochondrial, and metabolic research.

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Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD⁺) is a naturally occurring coenzyme found in all living cells, where it serves as a central redox carrier and a key cofactor in energy metabolism, DNA repair, and cellular signaling. In its oxidized form (NAD⁺), this molecule plays a pivotal role in electron transport, mitochondrial ATP synthesis, and oxidative metabolism, functioning as a substrate for critical enzymes such as sirtuins (SIRT1–7), PARPs (poly-ADP-ribose polymerases), and CD38. NAD⁺ exists in two primary interconvertible forms: oxidized NAD⁺ and reduced NADH. The NAD⁺/NADH ratio governs redox balance, cellular energy production, and aging-related metabolic processes. As NAD⁺ levels decline with age or metabolic stress, studying its restoration and regulatory mechanisms has become a central focus in longevity, mitochondrial, and metabolic research.
Property
Specification
Chemical Name:
β-Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
Synonyms:
NAD⁺, β-NAD, Coenzyme I
Chemical Class:
Pyridine nucleotide coenzyme
Molecular Formula:
C₂₁H₂₇N₇O₁₄P₂
Molecular Weight:
663.43 g/mol
Structure Type:
Dinucleotide composed of adenine and nicotinamide ribonucleotides linked via phosphate groups
Functional Groups:
Adenine, ribose, phosphate bridge, nicotinamide moiety
Charge State:
Positively charged (oxidized)
Solubility:
Highly soluble in water; unstable in alkaline pH
Storage Conditions:
≤ –20°C, protected from light and moisture

Structural Highlights:

  • Bimolecular Composition: NAD⁺ consists of adenine mononucleotide (AMP) and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) joined by a pyrophosphate bridge.
  • Redox Functionality: The nicotinamide ring can accept or donate hydride ions (H⁻), cycling between NAD⁺ and NADH during metabolic reactions.
  • Enzymatic Roles: Serves as a cofactor for dehydrogenases, oxidoreductases, and sirtuin-family proteins regulating energy metabolism and gene expression.
  • Metabolic Centrality: Acts as an electron shuttle in glycolysis, the TCA cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.

NAD⁺ is one of the most widely studied molecules in modern biomedical research, serving as a foundation for investigations in metabolic health, mitochondrial biology, aging, neuroprotection, and DNA repair mechanisms.

Cellular Energy & Mitochondrial Function

  • Functions as a critical coenzyme in redox reactions and electron transport chain activity.
  • Regulates ATP production through oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial respiration.
  • Used to study metabolic resilience, energy adaptation, and cellular recovery under stress conditions.

DNA Repair and Sirtuin Activation

  • Acts as a substrate for sirtuins (SIRT1–7), enzymes that deacetylate histones and transcriptional regulators to support longevity and genomic stability.
  • Provides the ADP-ribose units required by PARPs, facilitating DNA repair and chromatin remodeling.
  • Research focus on epigenetic regulation, cellular stress responses, and aging pathways.

Neuroprotective and Cognitive Studies

  • Supports neuronal survival through NAD⁺-dependent mitochondrial repair and anti-apoptotic signaling.
  • Modulates oxidative stress and neuroinflammatory cascades in preclinical neurodegenerative models.
  • Investigated for its role in axon regeneration, synaptic plasticity, and brain energy metabolism.

Metabolic and Longevity Research

  • NAD⁺ decline is associated with aging, obesity, and insulin resistance; replenishment models are used to study metabolic restoration and lifespan extension.
  • Drives AMPK and SIRT1 activation, leading to improved lipid oxidation, glucose tolerance, and mitochondrial biogenesis in laboratory settings.
  • Used to explore caloric restriction mimetics and cellular rejuvenation strategies in aging studies.

This product is supplied strictly for laboratory research use only. It is not a drug, food, or cosmetic and must not be administered to humans or animals. Proper handling procedures and safety protocols should be followed by trained professionals when working with this material.

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