SS-31
SS-31 (Elamipretide) is a cell-permeable, mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide (sequence: D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH₂) designed to selectively bind cardiolipin, a phospholipid unique to the inner mitochondrial membrane. Through this interaction, SS-31 has been studied extensively for its potential to stabilize mitochondrial structure, enhance ATP synthesis efficiency, and reduce oxidative stress in pre-clinical models.
In scientific research, SS-31 serves as a model compound for mitochondrial protection, bioenergetic regulation, and oxidative signaling studies. It is widely used in studies examining mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, ischemic injury, and neurodegenerative processes.
Price range: $45.00 through $160.00
. Mitochondrial Bioenergetics and ATP Production Studies
- SS-31 has been shown in pre-clinical studies to enhance electron transport chain efficiency and stabilize mitochondrial cristae structure.
- Provides researchers with a tool for examining mitochondrial respiration, ATP output, and oxidative phosphorylation coupling.
- Useful in exploring energy metabolism alterations associated with cellular stress and aging.
Oxidative Stress and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Modulation
- Known for binding cardiolipin and reducing excessive ROS formation at complex I and III of the electron transport chain.
- Enables research into antioxidant peptide mechanisms, mitochondrial redox regulation, and oxidative injury prevention.
- Valuable for studying ROS-driven cellular signaling and oxidative DNA damage repair mechanisms.
Mitochondrial Membrane Integrity and Dynamics
- SS-31 selectively associates with cardiolipin-rich membranes, promoting membrane stability and mitochondrial morphology preservation.
- Facilitates studies on mitochondrial fusion/fission balance, cristae structure, and lipid–protein interactions within inner mitochondrial membranes.
Cellular Stress, Senescence, and Apoptosis Research
- Provides a model for studying cytoprotection under oxidative or ischemic stress conditions.
- Used to investigate caspase activation, mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), and cytochrome c release in cell death pathways.
- Enables exploration of peptide-mediated protection against mitochondrial dysfunction in stress and aging models.
Ischemia-Reperfusion and Cardiometabolic Studies
- Widely employed in pre-clinical models to study ischemia-reperfusion injury in heart, kidney, and skeletal muscle.
- Supports research into mitochondrial calcium handling, membrane potential recovery, and metabolic restoration following oxygen deprivation.
Neurodegenerative and Cognitive Function Research
- SS-31 has been studied in neuronal models for its ability to reduce mitochondrial fragmentation and support neuronal survival.
- Facilitates investigations into oxidative neuronal stress, synaptic energy supply, and neuroprotective signaling.
Cellular Aging and Longevity Mechanisms
- By stabilizing mitochondrial performance, SS-31 serves as a model for anti-senescence and lifespan regulation studies.
- Allows examination of AMPK, SIRT1, and PGC-1α pathways, which are key regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis and cellular aging.
This product is supplied strictly for laboratory research use only. It is not a drug, food, or cosmetic and must not be administered to humans or animals. Proper handling procedures and safety protocols should be followed by trained professionals when working with this material.
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Disclaimer: For Research Use Only
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Any references to specific peptides, studies, or potential biological functions are provided strictly for informational and educational purposes. Such content must not be considered medical, health, or legal advice, nor encouragement for non-research use.
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